Introduction: Why National Parks Matter
National parks are more than just scenic destinations—they are sanctuaries of history, biodiversity, and shared heritage. These lands are protected not for private use or profit but for the enjoyment and education of all people, forever. But how does a place become a national park? And can it lose that status? This article explores the fascinating journey of how national parks are created, managed, and sometimes even de-designated.
The Birth of a National Park
The national park idea was revolutionary when Yellowstone was established in 1872. The concept of setting aside land not for development but preservation was unprecedented. The process began with the Yellowstone Act, passed by Congress and signed by President Ulysses S. Grant. Today, the path remains largely the same: a feasibility study by the National Park Service (NPS), assessment of national significance, and then Congressional approval and presidential signature.
The Criteria for Becoming a National Park
Before a place is designated, the NPS evaluates it for:
- National significance: Unique features, ecosystems, or history.
- Suitability: Whether the site can fit within the broader mission of the park system.
- Manageability: Whether the NPS or similar entity can maintain it effectively.
If the answers are yes, Congress steps in, considering costs, politics, and public support. A great example is the Everglades, once dismissed as a swamp, now preserved for its fragile and unique ecosystem.
The Role of National Monuments
Presidents can designate national monuments under the 1906 Antiquities Act without Congressional approval. This can fast-track protection but also cause political friction. Monuments can sometimes be upgraded to parks—as with the Grand Canyon. However, lacking Congressional backing may limit funding or invite local opposition, especially where land use rights like grazing are impacted.
Varieties Within the System
Not all NPS units are “national parks.” Out of 400+ units, only 63 carry that title. Others include:
- National lakeshores
- Historic sites and battlefields
- Recreation areas and preserves
These may have different rules (e.g., hunting is allowed in some preserves but not parks) and funding levels based on visitation and visibility.
Yes, a Park Can Be Decommissioned
Contrary to popular belief, national parks can lose their status. Mackinac National Park in Michigan, the second U.S. national park, became a state park in 1895. This shift occurred because the Army no longer needed the adjacent fort, and budget cuts made federal maintenance unsustainable. The land was transferred to Michigan with the condition that it remain a public park or revert to federal ownership.
Managing and Funding the Parks
Parks are funded through:
- Congressional appropriations
- Entrance fees
- Concessions and merchandise
- Donations and foundations
High-profile parks like Yosemite and Yellowstone attract more funds and visitors. Smaller sites may have limited staff and minimal infrastructure. Upgrading a site from monument to park typically increases both visitors and funding needs—just like Indiana Dunes did when it became a national park in 2019.
Controversy and Opposition
Local or state opposition can sometimes delay or derail park designation. Concerns typically revolve around:
- Loss of land use rights (grazing, mining, logging)
- Economic impacts on local industries
- Tribal and private land rights
Still, once Congress and the President approve the designation, states cannot veto it. However, lobbying can influence federal decisions. For instance, Utah leaders opposed the Grand Staircase-Escalante designation due to its coal resources, while others supported protections for cultural and ecological reasons.
The Challenge of Popularity
Ironically, one of the greatest threats to national parks is their growing popularity. Overcrowding has led some parks—like Rocky Mountain and Zion—to implement timed entry lotteries. These efforts help preserve fragile ecosystems but can frustrate visitors.
Modern park planning must balance access and conservation. From fragile wetlands to rugged mountains, these landscapes require thoughtful management to prevent irreversible damage while maintaining public enjoyment.
Conclusion: Protecting Parks for the Future
The national park system is one of America’s greatest ideas—a commitment to preservation, education, and shared natural beauty. While creating or changing a park involves politics, money, and local support, the ultimate goal remains the same: protect precious landscapes for generations to come. Whether you’re a frequent park visitor or planning your first trip, understanding how parks are made and managed helps deepen your appreciation for these incredible places. Choose a park, plan a visit, and join the legacy of stewardship.